High-density lipoprotein: quantity or quality?

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects approximately 13% of the general population (1). Patients with CKD have increased risk for cardiovascular events (2). Moreover, all-cause mortality is similar in patients with CKD and in those with a history of myocardial infarction (3). The pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in patients with CKD is multifactorial and includes increased oxidative stress, vascular calcification and subclinical inflammation (4).