Changing paradigms of non-small cell lung cancer treatment

Nowadays, the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) in locally advanced and metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is quickly gaining a general consensus due to interesting results in terms of tumor response and overall survival (1,2). Nevertheless, the role of ICI in an adjuvant or neo-adjuvant setting is still under investigation and restricted to clinical trials (3). Undoubtedly, the use of the immunotherapy in combination with radical local treatments might open new perspective for all medical experts (i.e., medical oncologists, surgeons, pathologists, radiation oncologists), who will have to face a radical change in the standard treatment of NSCLC.