Neoadjuvant vs. adjuvant chemotherapy in locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer—is timing everything?

Current standard of care for the multimodal management of early, locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) recommends surgical resection followed by adjuvant therapy (1). These guidelines have been informed by an abundance of level one evidence comparing surgical resection with adjuvant therapy to surgical resection alone (2,3). However, the role and potential benefits of neoadjuvant therapy in the same population are less understood.