Ambulatory oxygen therapy with documented self-monitoring of oxygen use improves health status among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Original Article

Ambulatory oxygen therapy with documented self-monitoring of oxygen use improves health status among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Youlim Kim1, Hye Yun Park2, Chin Kook Rhee3, Kyung Hoon Min4, Kwang Ha Yoo1, Seong Yong Lim5, Yee Hyung Kim6, Seung Hun Jang7, Ki-Suck Jung7, Yong Il Hwang7

1Division of Pulmonary and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Konkuk University Hospital, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea; 2Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; 3Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea; 4Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Medical Center, Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea; 5Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; 6Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; 7Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea

Contributions: (I) Conception and design: Y Kim, YI Hwang; (II) Administrative support: KH Yoo, KS Jung; (III) Provision of study materials or patients: HY Park, CK Rhee, KH Min, KH Yoo, SY Lim, YH Kim, SH Jang, KS Jung, YI Hwang; (IV) Collection and assembly of data: HY Park, CK Rhee, KH Min, KH Yoo, SY Lim, YH Kim; (V) Data analysis and interpretation: Y Kim, YI Hwang; (VI) Manuscript writing: All authors; (VII) Final approval of manuscript: All authors.

Correspondence to: Yong Il Hwang, MD. Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, 22, Gwanpyeong-ro 170 beon-gil, Dongan-gu, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 14068, Korea. Email: hyicyk@hallym.or.kr.

Background: Home oxygen therapy is well known to improve survival among patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In Korea, home oxygen therapy has been reimbursed by national health care insurance since 2006. However, an adequate management strategy for home oxygen therapy is not yet established in Korea. This pilot study aimed to develop a new management strategy for home oxygen therapy.

Methods: We developed a new home oxygen service strategy for COPD patients. The new strategy consists of patient education materials, “oxygen notes” for oxygen use self-monitoring, and provision of ambulatory oxygen. Using a structured questionnaire, we explored the usefulness of the new strategy and health status changes among patients before and after the study period.

Results: Among 29 participants, the mean age was 69.6 years, and 62.1% were male. At the end of the study, the proportion of patients with severe dyspnea [modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) grade 4] decreased from 62.1% to 41.4%. The mean COPD assessment test score improved from 30.3 to 24.7, and 68.9% of patients scored above the minimum clinically important difference. The mean time and amount of ambulatory oxygen administration changed significantly by the end of the study. More than three-quarters of patients were satisfied with the educational material and oxygen note.

Conclusions: We showed that the new home oxygen service strategy improved the health status of COPD patients. Larger-scale and longer-term research to validate these results is warranted.

Keywords: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); ambulatory home oxygen; home oxygen service strategy

Submitted Dec 02, 2021. Accepted for publication Apr 07, 2022.

doi: 10.21037/jtd-21-1878

Introduction

Hypoxemia can occur in association with end-stage chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), impairing quality of life and increasing mortality (1-3). Long-term home oxygen therapy is recommended for patients with chronic respiratory conditions if their arterial oxygen partial pressure (PaO2) is at least 55 mmHg with an oxygen saturation (SaO2) less than 88%, or if their PaO2 is between 55 and 60 mmHg or an SaO2 of 89%, with pulmonary hypertension, peripheral edema from congestive heart failure, or erythrocytosis (hematocrit >55%) (4). Previous studies have demonstrated a survival benefit associated with home oxygen therapy (5,6).

In Korea, national health care insurance has reimbursed the cost of home oxygen therapy since 2006 (7). However, a survey of COPD patients using home oxygen therapy revealed that low adherence levels, poor quality of life, and high health care service utilization (8). Also, physicians have noted a gap between the prescription and actual use of medical oxygen in real-world practice (9). Due to a lack of information about actual oxygen use, some physicians have made efforts to advocate for the development of oxygen therapy management strategies (10), but the educational materials that patients can easily access is still insufficient.

Therefore, we planned a pilot study to aid the development of a new strategy guiding home oxygen administration. This study aimed to explore the usefulness of this new strategy in terms of the patients’ well-being and oxygen use patterns. We present the following article in accordance with the STROBE reporting checklist (available at https://jtd.amegroups.com/article/view/10.21037/jtd-21-1878/rc).

Methods

Study design and population

We previously reported on the status of home oxygen therapy for COPD patients in Korea (8). From the patients who participated in our previous study, we randomly selected 30 to participate in this pilot study. We asked the participants about the usefulness of the new strategy after 1 month of implementation.

New strategy for home oxygen therapy

Our new home oxygen service strategy was motivated by a self-management tool for patients with diabetes and hypertension. Although long-term home oxygen treatment increases the survival rate of COPD patients with severe hypoxemia, patient education on this topic is inadequate, even for those already receiving home oxygen treatment.

The proposed new home oxygen service strategy consists of three parts: (I) patient education materials; (II) self-monitoring with an “oxygen note”; and (III) provision of ambulatory oxygen. The educational materials cover the basic concept of oxygen therapy, background information about oxygen concentrators, cleaning and maintenance methods for oxygen generators, ambulatory oxygen, safety issues surrounding oxygen therapy, oxygen use when traveling (road or air travel), and the costs associated with oxygen therapy. The materials include illustrations to aid with understanding. Three pulmonology specialists participated in the development of the educational materials.

We also developed an oxygen note. Three COPD management experts developed the oxygen note, which is composed of three sections. The first section (“Guide for Correct Home Oxygen Treatment”) consists of brief guidance about oxygen therapy. The second section consists of a patient-specific data entry form to be filled out by the patient. Patients using home oxygen services are to keep a log of their SaO2, as well as their daily oxygen administration time and amount, similar to the logs kept by patients with diabetes mellitus and hypertension documenting their blood sugar levels and blood pressure, respectively. We believe this to be the essential component of the oxygen note. The third section consists of a patient evaluation form (to be filled out by a visiting nurse) and a safety evaluation form (to be filled out by oxygen providers). The participants of this pilot study documented their SaO2 (at rest, during sleep, and during ambulation) and oxygen use times and amounts on the daily sheets. We provided ambulatory oxygen devices and pulse oximeters to help the patients maximize their daily activity levels and self-monitor their SaO2.

Evaluation of a 1-month trial of the new management strategy

After a 1-month trial of the new management strategy, we used a structured questionnaire to query the participants about the strategy’s usefulness and effect on their health. We used the EuroQoL-5 Dimension (EQ-5D) and COPD assessment test (CAT) tools to assess general health status and COPD-related health status, respectively. The modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) dyspnea scale was used to rate dyspnea severity. We also evaluated the actual use of home oxygen and ambulatory oxygen therapy as well as the patients’ satisfaction with educational materials and oxygen notes.

Statistical analysis

Data were analyzed using SPSS for Windows, version 23.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Categorical and continuous data are presented as n (%) and mean ± standard deviation. Differences in continuous variables, such as each component of the CAT score and the duration and flow rate of home oxygen use, were analyzed using independent t-tests. P values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.

Ethical statement

This study was approved by the institutional review board of Hallym University Sacred Hospital (IRB No. 2016-I020), Anyang, South Korea. All patients provided written informed consent before enrollment. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (as revised in 2013).

Results

Baseline participant characteristics

Of the 30 patients initially enrolled in the study, one was unable to complete the questionnaire because of hospitalization due to pneumothorax at the end of the 1-month trial. Therefore, 29 patients completed this pilot study. The mean age was 69.6±9.7 years (range, 50–85 years), and the majority of participants (n=18, 62.1%) were men. Twenty-eight patients (96.6%) had a CAT score of 10 or higher and an mMRC score of 2 or higher. Twenty-two patients (75.9%) met the respiratory impairment criteria for reimbursement via the national health insurance system (Table 1) (11).

Table 1

Baseline characteristics of study population

Characteristics Value
Total 29 (100.0)
Age, years 69.6±9.9
Sex, male 18 (62.1)
mMRC ≥2 28 (96.6)
CAT score ≥10 28 (96.6)
Respiratory impairment (+)* 22 (75.9)

Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD) or N (%). *, respiratory impairment: respiratory impairment grading according to The Act on Welfare of Persons with Disabilities. CAT, COPD assessment test; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; mMRC, modified medical research council dyspnea scale.

Changes in dyspnea and quality of life

After the trial period, 10 (34.5%) and 23 (79.3%) patients exhibited improved mMRC and CAT scores, respectively (Table 2). In particular, the proportion of patients with severe dyspnea (mMRC grade 4) decreased markedly (62.1% → 41.4%) (Figure 1). Regarding changes in general health status according to the EQ-5D, 12 patients (41.4%) improved in terms of the mobility and self-care domains, and 3 patients (10.3%) reported deteriorations in both domains. Additionally, 9 patients (31.0%) reported improvements in routine activities, 8 (27.6%) in pain or discomfort, and 11 (37.9%) in anxiety or depression (Table 2). In terms of the individual components of the CAT score overall, patients reported meaningful improvements in the “cough”, “sputum”, “chest tightness”, “dyspnea on exertion”, “sleep”, and “energy” items. However, the “activity at home” and “leaving home” components did not improve significantly despite the provision of ambulatory oxygen (Table 3).

Table 2

Proportional change of health status before and after pilot study (%)

Variables Aggravated Not changed Improved
mMRC 13.8 51.7 34.5
CAT 17.2 3.4 79.3
EQ-5D: mobility 10.3 48.3 41.4
EQ-5D: self-care 10.3 48.3 41.4
EQ-5D: usual activities 6.9 62.1 31.0
EQ-5D: pain/discomfort 6.9 65.5 27.6
EQ-5D: anxiety/depression 17.2 44.8 37.9

mMRC, modified medical research council dyspnea scale; CAT, COPD assessment test; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; EQ-5D. EuroQol-5 dimension.

Figure 1 Changes in mMRC dyspnea ratings over the course of the trial period. mMRC, modified Medical Research Council.

Table 3

Change of CAT score before and after pilot study

Variables Before pilot study After pilot study P value
Cough 3.17±1.20 1.69±1.28 <0.001
Sputum 3.62±1.01 2.45±1.30 0.002
Chest tightness 3.28±1.56 2.55±1.39 0.033
Dyspnea on exertion 4.83±0.47 2.55±1.38 <0.001
Activity at home 3.83±1.20 3.28±1.73 0.083
Leaving home 4.28±1.07 4.00±1.28 0.185
Sleep 3.31±1.71 2.48±1.70 0.035
Energy 4.03±1.09 3.45±1.40 0.042
Total 30.3±6.1 24.7±6.9 0.001

Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. CAT, COPD assessment test; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Changes in home oxygen use patterns

The patterns of home oxygen changed over the course of the trial period, with significant increases in both the mean time and amount of ambulatory oxygen used. However, when patients were at rest, the mean oxygen use time and flow rate decreased. There were no significant changes in oxygen use during sleep (Table 4).

Table 4

Change of oxygen use pattern before and after pilot study

Variables Before pilot study After pilot study P value
At rest
   Duration (hours) 15.6±8.21 11.2±6.40 0.014
   Flow rate (L/min) 2.08±1.63 1.81±0.58 0.203
During exercise
   Duration (hours) 1.08±2.26 3.05±4.76 0.025
   Flow rate (L/min) 0.51±0.80 1.77±0.96 <0.001
During sleep
   Duration (hours) 7.41±2.85 7.84±3.65 0.301
   Flow rate (L/min) 1.62±0.63 1.74±0.65 0.239

Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation.

During the trial period, all participants completed their oxygen notes every day. More than three-quarters of the participants thought that the educational materials and oxygen note were helpful (Figure 2). Even though about half of the participants (n=14, 48.3%) perceived that they used the home oxygen by the end of the trial period than they did before the study, only 2 of these 14 participants documented actual increases in supplemental oxygen use.

Figure 2 Usefulness of educational materials and oxygen note. Education material: Do you think “the education materials” were useful for understanding home oxygen therapy? Oxygen notes: Do you think the “oxygen note” was useful for maintaining home oxygen treatment?

Discussion

For this study, we developed a new home oxygen therapy management strategy for COPD patients. Our pilot study used educational materials and an oxygen note for self-monitoring and enhancing the patients’ knowledge and self-management skills. Our new strategy improved dyspnea and quality of life among the COPD patients who participated in the study, especially the most dyspneic patients. Moreover, this pilot study brought about changes in the patients’ oxygen use patterns.

Dyspnea is a typical COPD symptom that leads to activity limitations and worsens quality of life. Mitigating dyspnea is critical in COPD management (12-14). Home oxygen therapy is well known to decrease mortality rates in selected COPD populations (5,6). Additionally, it improves dyspnea and the quality of life in COPD patients (15). Our pilot study confirmed these findings, that is, improving dyspnea and quality of life. Our new strategy improved dyspnea in 34.5 % of enrolled patients and the proportion of the patients with mMRC 4 of dyspnea. Additionally, the strategy improved the quality of life according to data collected using the CAT and EQ-5D tools. The participants reported improvements in the mobility, self-care, and routine activity domains of the EQ-5D. The total and respiratory symptom domains of the CAT also improved in magnitude by more than the minimal clinically important difference (16). The CAT is a short, simple assessment tool for evaluating the symptom burden of COPD in daily clinical practice to check health status assessment and communicate between patients and healthcare providers. The CAT score is known to be associated with the mMRC dyspnea score, the degree of anxiety and depression, activity scale (e.g. incremental shuttle walk test) (17). The improvement of CAT score in our study suggests that our new home oxygen strategy may have significant psychological and physical effects on patients with COPD.

Adherence to home oxygen is crucial for hypoxemic COPD patients to improve survival. Previous studies have demonstrated that maintaining oxygen therapy for at least 15–18 hours per day yields survival benefits (5,6). However, the exact duration required to lower the risk of death is not known. Furthermore, there are often significant discrepancies between prescribed oxygen use durations and actual use (8). We designed an oxygen note for self-monitoring to minimize this difference. However, the self-reported mean oxygen use time during rest decreased over the course of the study period. Only two patients increased their oxygen use times, even though 14 patients thought that they had increased their oxygen use times. Therefore, we could not determine the patient’s exact oxygen use times based solely on the patients’ statements, and we need more objective monitoring tools to increase adherence to oxygen.

Low adherence resulting from an inadequate understanding of oxygen therapy negatively affects the clinical outcomes associated with oxygen therapy (18). An accurate understanding of the treatment, awareness of its benefits, and regular follow-up and support from oxygen therapy providers are critical factors for increasing long-term adherence to oxygen therapy (19,20). Despite the decrease in the mean oxygen self-administration time, all of the participants used the oxygen note every day during the trial period. This everyday self-monitoring using the oxygen note, along with the concise guidance regarding oxygen therapy in the oxygen note, evidently improved the patients’ awareness of the principles and importance of oxygen treatment. Therefore, we think our findings emphasize the importance of education for patients requiring ambulatory oxygen therapy, similar to the educational requirements for patients with other chronic diseases.

Patient education is an essential component of efficient chronic disease management (21,22). However, the reality of patient education about oxygen therapy in Korea is disappointing (9). Therefore, we developed educational materials about home oxygen therapy covering basic concepts, background information about oxygen concentrators, cleaning and maintenance methods for oxygen generators, ambulatory oxygen, safety issues surrounding oxygen therapy, oxygen use when traveling, and the costs associated with oxygen therapy. As printed materials are relatively low-cost and potentially useful tools for patient self-education (23), we provided the participants with printed versions of the educational materials. We think that these educational materials, along with the oxygen note, improved the patients’ awareness of oxygen therapy and helped them use the home oxygen more effectively. Indeed, most of the COPD patients who participated in this study reported that our educational materials were helpful for their self-management.

As this was a pilot study, the number of patients who participated in this study was small and the study was conducted for one-month. During this study, it was conducted as an observational study and was just checked about the improvement of dyspnea scale or quality of life using a questionnaire survey. Therefore, we can’t show the detailed protocol including the intervention. It needs to be proven through a larger, prospective study in the future. However, the study demonstrated the importance of patient education and a potential role of self-monitoring using the oxygen note. Furthermore, our study suggested the necessity of developing devices to monitor adherence to home oxygen therapy.

Conclusions

We developed and evaluated a new home oxygen service strategy. The new home oxygen service strategy improved both the duration of oxygen usage and the health status of COPD patients. Future larger-scale, longer-term prospective research is warranted to validate our proposed strategy. We think that this strategy can be an appropriate management plan for COPD patients undergoing home oxygen therapy.

Acknowledgments

Funding: This study was supported by grants from the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and study code was 2015-E330011-00.

Footnote

Reporting Checklist: The authors have completed the STROBE reporting checklist. Available at https://jtd.amegroups.com/article/view/10.21037/jtd-21-1878/rc

Data Sharing Statement: Available at https://jtd.amegroups.com/article/view/10.21037/jtd-21-1878/dss

Conflicts of Interest: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form (available at https://jtd.amegroups.com/article/view/10.21037/jtd-21-1878/coif). CKR and KSJ serve as unpaid editorial board members of Journal of Thoracic Disease. The other authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

Ethical Statement: The authors are accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (as revised in 2013). This study was approved by the institutional review board of Hallym University Sacred Hospital (IRB No. 2016-I020), Anyang, South Korea. All patients provided written informed consent before enrollment.

Open Access Statement: This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which permits the non-commercial replication and distribution of the article with the strict proviso that no changes or edits are made and the original work is properly cited (including links to both the formal publication through the relevant DOI and the license). See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Cite this article as: Kim Y, Park HY, Rhee CK, Min KH, Yoo KH, Lim SY, Kim YH, Jang SH, Jung KS, Hwang YI. Ambulatory oxygen therapy with documented self-monitoring of oxygen use improves health status among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Thorac Dis 2022;14(5):1353-1359. doi: 10.21037/jtd-21-1878

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