Diagnosis of mediastinal cysts: the role and safety of EUS–FNA with 19-gauge needle: a retrospective cohort study
Original Article

Diagnosis of mediastinal cysts: the role and safety of EUS–FNA with 19-gauge needle: a retrospective cohort study

Fuliang Cao1#, Sicong Zhang2#, Zhenbo Dai1, Qianqian Fu3, Feng Guo1, Qinghua He1, Dejun Zhou1, Huilai Zhang2, Xianhuo Wang2

1Department of Endoscopy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China; 2Department of Lymphoma, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sino-US Center for Lymphoma and Leukemia Research, Tianjin, China; 3Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China

Contributions: (I) Conception and design: F Cao, D Zhou, H Zhang, X Wang; (II) Administrative support: D Zhou, H Zhang, X Wang; (III) Provision of study materials or patients: Z Dai, Q Fu, F Guo, Q He; (IV) Collection and assembly of data: S Zhang, Z Dai, Q Fu, Q He; (V) Data analysis and interpretation: S Zhang, F Guo, F Cao; (VI) Manuscript writing: All authors; (VII) Final approval of manuscript: All authors.

#These authors contributed equally to this work.

Correspondence to: Xianhuo Wang. Department of Lymphoma, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Hexi District, Tianjin 300060, China. Email: tjzlyy_xianhuow@163.com; Huilai Zhang. Department of Lymphoma, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Hexi District, Tianjin 300060, China. Email: zhlwgq@126.com; Dejun Zhou. Department of Endoscopy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Hexi District, Tianjin 300060, China. Email: zhoudejun@tjmuch.com.

Background: Mediastinal cysts are uncommon, and their diagnosis remains a clinical challenge, especially for patients with a solid mass on computed tomography (CT). Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is considered a valuable method to differentiate mediastinal cysts and EUS-fine needle aspiration (FNA) is a strategy for obtaining specimens from the cysts for cytological diagnosis. This study aims to evaluate the safety and utility of EUS-FNA for diagnosis of mediastinal cysts.

Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of patients who underwent EUS-FNA with 19-gauge needle at Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital and were further diagnosed with mediastinal cysts confirmed by cytological and surgical pathological results between January 2016 and December 2020. Safety was estimated by the incidence of reported adverse events (AEs). Patients were followed for 48 hours and 1 week after the EUS-FNA procedure to evaluate AEs.

Results: A total of 20 patients were diagnosed with mediastinal cysts using EUS-FNA, yet only 5 were diagnosed by CT. There were 15 patients diagnosed with bronchogenic cyst, 4 with enteric cyst, and 1 with pericardial cyst. The EUS appearance of cyst content varied, ranging from anechoic (4 cases) to hypoechoic (16 cases). AEs occurred in 2/20 (10%) patients after the EUS-FNA indicating an acceptable low rate of AEs. For all anechoic cysts that underwent complete FNA drainage, 3 patients had good prognosis, whereas 1 experienced recurrence. For 16 patients with hypoechoic cysts, adequate tissue was obtained for cytological examination. No patient developed an infection-related complication.

Conclusions: For the diagnosis of mediastinal cysts, EUS-FNA was more accurate than CT. The EUS-FNA of mediastinal cysts is safe with an acceptable low rate of AEs when antibiotic prophylaxis is used postoperatively. Cysts containing free-flowing fluid can be achieved with complete needle drainage by a single pass with a 19-gauge needle.

Keywords: Mediastinal cyst; endoscopic ultrasound; fine needle aspiration; 19-gauge needle; safety

Submitted Jul 25, 2022. Accepted for publication Sep 08, 2022.

doi: 10.21037/jtd-22-1105

Introduction

Mediastinal cysts form a group of uncommon benign lesions that are generally considered as associated with developmental disorder in the foregut during embryogenesis (1,2). Foregut cysts including bronchogenic cysts and enteric cysts are the most common mediastinal cysts, accounting for about 20% of the mediastinal masses (2,3). Mediastinal cysts are usually asymptomatic in adults and detected by incidental radiological imaging but also can present with a variety of symptoms, especially coughing and chest pain, which are generally due to compression of adjacent structures. As they can simulate multiple lesions at imaging, both benign and malignant, accurate diagnosis is important to the development of therapeutic strategies.

Currently, a presurgical diagnosis can be made by computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). However, 30–80% of lesions might be misdiagnosed as solid masses resulting from high protein content in the cystic lumen (4-6). Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided fine needle aspiration (FNA) offers a noninvasive way to obtain tissues for cytological examination prior to surgery, which could be regarded a more accurate diagnostic method for mediastinal cysts (1,7). However, acquiring adequate samples from the cystic wall for diagnosis remains challenging, as some cysts contain thick proteinaceous material that is difficult to aspirate.

Most previous reports of cytological biopsies of mediastinal cysts by EUS-FNA have been case reports. The present study evaluated the safety and utility of EUS-FNA for diagnosis and treatment of mediastinal cysts. We present the following article in accordance with the STROBE reporting checklist (available at https://jtd.amegroups.com/article/view/10.21037/jtd-22-1105/rc).

Methods

Patients

This was a retrospective cohort study. A total of 15,492 patients underwent EUS, of whom 1,636 underwent EUS-FNA at Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital between January 2016 and December 2020. The medical records of patients who underwent EUS-FNA and were further diagnosed with mediastinal cysts were retrospectively collected. Clinical presentation, radiological findings, EUS-FNA procedure, cytopathology reports, and follow-up were all analyzed. The presence of a benign cyst was established through EUS or EUS-FNA consistent with a mediastinal cyst, or surgical pathological confirmation. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (as revised in 2013). This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital (No. bc2022134). Informed consent was routinely acquired from all patients before EUS-FNA examination.

EUS-FNA

The EUS-FNA was performed in the standard fashion. The routine preoperative preparation was performed, and all patients fasted for 6–8 h prior to surgery. After patients were placed in the left lateral decubitus position, local anesthesia was administered. Then, US was performed to determine lesion location, size, and surrounding tissue. Diagnosis of foregut cysts by EUS was based on the following criteria: (I) hypoechoic or anechoic lesions; (II) lesions with a well-defined, thin, smooth wall without infiltration to the mediastinum; and (III) texture of the lesion was soft after being compressed by the US probe. The lesion region near the probe was deformed, with a hypoechoic appearance. After compressing the probe rapidly and repeatedly, the hypoechoic lesion with or without hyperechoic debris could move. The EUS-FNA was performed to evaluate cystic lesions. The puncture needle was inserted into the target cyst in closest proximity to the esophagus, and no vessels were confirmed by color Doppler US. Continuous negative pressure suction was performed with a 50 mL syringe to ensure effective drainage. To obtain adequate tissue from the lesions, 19-gauge puncture needles (EchoTip Ultra; Cook Ireland Ltd., Limerick, Ireland) were used for aspiration. A single pass and one-time complete aspiration were performed if the lesion manifested as echoless. However, if the lesion presented as hypoechoic, indicating that the lesion contained semisolid secretions, suction of a larger amount of content was difficult. When the sticky contents were drawn into the syringe or constant aspiration lasted for >5 min, the negative pressure was removed, and the puncture needle was withdrawn.

Sample processing

The aspirated tissue was smeared on a slide and fixed in alcohol. The smears were then sent for cytological analysis. Patients were observed in the recovery area for 30–60 min. Postoperatively, antibiotics (levofloxacin, 5 mg/mL) were intravenously injected for 3 days and then switched to oral administration within 5–7 days to prevent infection.

Assessment of adverse events (AEs)

Safety was estimated by the incidence of reported AEs. AEs were defined as events that prevented completion of EUS-FNA and/or leaded to admission to hospital, prolongation of existing hospital stay or subsequent medical consultation. To evaluate AEs a telephone call was performed by a physician at 48 h and 1 week after EUS-FNA to ask patients whether they had symptoms or needed medical assistance.

Statistical analysis

All the values were expressed as means or medians. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze the data.

Results

During the study period, 20 patients with mediastinal cysts who underwent EUS-FNA with 19-gauge needles were included in the analysis (Table 1, Figure 1). The mean age was 51 years (range, 29–72 years), and 13 were men. Only 5 cases presented with symptoms, including chest pain or discomfort (n=2, 10%), cough (n=2, 10%) and dysphagia (n=1, 5%). The other 15 patients were asymptomatic, and the cyst was a casual radiological finding.

Table 1

Summary of patient characteristics, clinical presentation, EUS and EUS-FNA diagnosis and management

Patient Age, years Gender Symptom CT EUS Management Final diagnosis
Characteristics Size (mm) FNA
1 50 F Cough Cyst Anechoic cyst 43×42 Clear EUS-FNA drainage Bronchogenic cyst
2 32 M Chest pain Mass Hypoechoic cyst with dense hyperechoic debris 45×36 Thick Surgery Bronchogenic cyst
3 45 F Asymptomatic Mass Hypoechoic cyst 35×25 Thick Surgery Bronchogenic cyst
4 48 M Asymptomatic Mass Hypoechoic cyst 67×36 Thick Observation Bronchogenic cyst
5 31 F Asymptomatic Mass Anechoic cyst 27×17 Clear EUS-FNA drainage Enteric cyst
6 55 F Chest pain Neurogenic tumour Hypoechoic cyst with dense hyperechoic debris 38×37 Thick Surgery Bronchogenic cyst
7 41 M Asymptomatic Neurogenic tumour Hypoechoic cyst 55×43 Thick Surgery Bronchogenic cyst
8 40 M Asymptomatic Mass Hypoechoic cyst 32×30 Thick Observation Bronchogenic cyst
9 43 M Asymptomatic Cyst Hypoechoic cyst 79×22 Thick Observation Bronchogenic cyst
10 46 F Asymptomatic Lymphangioma Hypoechoic cyst with dense hyperechoic debris 35×23 Thick Surgery Enteric cyst
11 66 M Asymptomatic Mass Hypoechoic cyst 45×32 Thick Surgery Bronchogenic cyst
12 34 M Cough Cyst Hypoechoic cyst 33×23 Thick Surgery Pericardial cyst
13 81 M Asymptomatic Mass Hypoechoic cyst 61×43 Thick Observation Bronchogenic cyst
14 17 F Asymptomatic Neurogenic tumour Hypoechoic cyst 43×33 Thick Surgery Bronchogenic cyst
15 57 M Dyspnea Cyst Anechoic cyst 90×80 Clear EUS-FNA drainage Bronchogenic cyst
16 53 M Asymptomatic Cyst Hypoechoic cyst 30×28 Thick Surgery Enteric cyst
17 66 M Asymptomatic Mass Hypoechoic cyst 45×32 Thick Surgery Bronchogenic cyst
18 52 M Asymptomatic Mass Anechoic cyst 26×19 Clear EUS-FNA drainage Bronchogenic cyst
19 44 F Asymptomatic Mass Hypoechoic cyst 58×40 Thick Surgery Enteric cyst
20 50 M Asymptomatic Lymphoma Hypoechoic cyst 30×25 Thick observation Bronchogenic cyst

EUS, endoscopic ultrasound; FNA, fine needle aspiration; CT, computed tomography.

Figure 1 Outcomes of 20 patients included in analysis. EUS, endoscopic ultrasound; FNA, fine needle aspiration.

In all 20 cases, CT was performed before EUS, showing that only 5 of them were diagnostic for a cyst, and the other 15 patients (75%) demonstrated a mass, enlarged lymph node, lymphangioma, or neurogenic tumor.

An EUS examination was performed in all cases demonstrating that the lesions were oval or round in shape. The mean length of the cyst in the longest and shortest axes was 46.85 and 33.3 mm, respectively. The cyst wall was monolayer and thin in 19 patients (95%), and 1 had a layered outside wall on EUS examination. Some 11 of the 20 (55%) lesions were located in the posterior mediastinum, as well as 5 in the middle and 4 in the superior mediastinum. Variation existed in the EUS appearance of cyst contents. The characteristic on EUS examination was hypoechoic in 16 patients, among whom, 3 presented with hypoechoic cysts containing dense hyperechoic debris (Figure 2). In the remaining 4 cases, the contents were anechoic in appearance.

Figure 2 EUS images (7.5 MHz) of hypoechoic bronchogenic cysts. (A) The image of a 3 cm × 2.8 cm hypoechoic bronchogenic cyst (arrow). (B) The image of a 4.5 cm × 3.6 cm hypoechoic bronchogenic cyst containing dense hyperechoic debris (arrow). EUS, endoscopic ultrasound.

The EUS-FNA samples were successfully obtained by a single pass with a 19-gauge needle in all cases. AEs occurred in 2/20 (10%) patients and these two cases had self-limited chest pain within 48 h after the EUS-FNA (Table 2). None of them need longer hospital stay or subsequent medical consultation. Of 16 patients with hypoechoic appearance of cysts, an average of 2 mL (range, 1–10 mL) of fluid could be aspirated from the cysts due to the thick proteinaceous contents. For the other 4 patients showing no echo through EUS, the cystic cavity almost disappeared after EUS-FNA drainage and an average 40 mL (range, 10–180 mL) of clear fluid could be drained almost completely from the cysts. Cytological and histopathological evaluation was negative for malignancy, showing only mucinous material and bronchial epithelial cells (Figure 3). No recurrence was noted in 3 of 4 cases after at least 6-months of follow-up. The other patient showed relapse at 3 months after EUS-FNA drainage (Figure 4). No patient had an infection-related complication.

Table 2

Incidence of adverse events

Adverse events Number
Bleeding 0
Fever 0
Chest pain 2 (10%)
Perforation 0
Pneumothorax or pneumomediastinum 0
Figure 3 Photomicrograph of smear showing components of bronchogenic cyst, including bronchial epithelial cells (black arrow) (alcohol-fixed hematoxylin and eosin stain, ×400).
Figure 4 Images of patient who had relapse after complete FNA drainage. (A) Image of a 4.2 cm × 4.3 cm anechoic bronchogenic cyst (arrow). (B) Image of the cyst that almost disappeared after EUS-FNA drainage using a 19-gauge needle. (C) Free-flowing fluid aspirated from the cyst. (D) CT scan showing recurrence 3 months after EUS-FNA drainage treatment (arrow). EUS-FNA, endoscopic ultrasound-fine needle aspiration; CT, computed tomography.

A total of 11 patients who were worried about clinical symptoms or development of malignant transformation of the cyst underwent surgical treatment and were confirmed as having bronchogenic or enteric cyst by postoperative pathology. Further, 8 of 11 patients without symptoms were followed-up for 6–48 months with a mean of 36 months, and remained asymptomatic with no long-term complications.

Discussion

This retrospective cohort study evaluated the safety and clinical effectiveness of EUS-FNA for diagnosis and treatment of mediastinal cysts. The EUS-FNA was more accurate than CT for diagnosis of mediastinal cysts, and this study demonstrated the acceptable low rate of AEs after EUS-FNA, which suggested the utility and safety of EUS-FNA and prophylactic antibiotics for definitive diagnosis of benign mediastinal cysts. No infective complications occurred during the follow-up period. Finally, our results suggested that the resolution of cysts containing thin, free-flowing fluid material can be achieved by a single pass with a 19-gauge needle.

The majority of cases with mediastinal cysts are asymptomatic, with the lesion being detected by routine radiological examination. Surgical resection is recommended for symptomatic cases, whereas the treatment of asymptomatic patients remains controversial (8,9). In a study of 86 patients with bronchogenic cysts, 72% of patients eventually became symptomatic with observation over a 20-year period (10). Mediastinal cysts are frequently treated by complete resection in asymptomatic cases due to the rare development of complications and malignant transformation (11). However, some experts argue that close observation is warranted when the diagnosis has been confirmed by needle aspiration (7). In the current study, 3 symptomatic and 8 asymptomatic patients who were worried about development of possible complications underwent surgical excision. There were no postoperative complications during follow-up.

Cysts vary in their content ranging from thin, free-flowing fluid to viscous mucinous material, leading to lesions being misclassified as soft tissue masses by CT in 43% of patients (6). Eloubeidi et al. (12) reported that 70% of cases were misinterpreted as solid masses. Our data showed that diagnosis of mediastinal cysts was certain in only 25% (5/20) of patients, which was consistent with the previous study suggesting that CT frequently misjudges the cystic nature of lesions.

Using the esophagus as an acoustic medium to image the mediastinum, EUS has been proposed as a method for diagnosis of mediastinal cysts. Commonly, EUS shows the cysts as having anechoic, hypoechoic, or hyperechoic thickening within the cyst walls (5). It remains difficult to distinguish cysts containing viscous mucinous material from hypoechoic malignant masses and the cysts containing hyperechoic debris may be confused with soft-tissue masses. In the present study, we showed after compressing the mass repeatedly by the US probe, if the hypoechoic lesion with or without hyperechoic debris could move, a diagnosis of cystic mass can be made. This manipulation may be more informative for diagnosis of benign cysts.

The method of EUS-FNA has been considered as a technique for precise diagnosis of lesions in and around the gastrointestinal tract (13-16). However, inserting the needle into the sterile environment of a cyst may increase the risk of AEs including infection, bleeding, chest pain, perforation, pneumothorax or pneumomediastinum. Our results showed two patients had self-limited chest pain within 48 h and other AEs were not observed suggesting the safety of EUS-FNA in diagnosis of mediastinal cysts. Wiersema et al. (17) reported infection after puncture of the cyst with a 22-gauge needle and a 19-gauge tru-cut needle without prophylactic antibiotics. Diehl et al. (18) reported 3 cases that developed cyst infections 4–5 days after EUS-FNA by 1–3 passes with a 22-gauge needle, although intravenous prophylactic antibiotics was given before EUS-FNA, and oral ciprofloxacin was given after EUS-FNA. Fazel et al. (5) suggested that use of only 22-gauge needles with prophylactic administration of antibiotics was safe and large-gauge needles were best avoided. Our results demonstrated no infectious complications with the use of 19-gauge needles and prophylactic antibiotics among 20 patients, which suggests that EUS-FNA by a single pass with a 19-gauge needle is safe when antibiotics are intravenously injected for 3 days and then switched to oral administration within 5–7 days to prevent infection. The main reason for this may be differences in antibiotic usage, with different modes of action and the number of punctures. Furthermore, we revealed that a single pass with a 19-gauge needle could acquire adequate tissue for cytological analysis, in order to avoid additional passes.

Long-term cyst regression can be achieved by complete drainage (19,20). Since the wall of the cyst persists, treatment of cystic mass by aspiration alone may lead to recurrence. In the present study, among 4 patients who underwent complete FNA drainage, 3 had good prognosis without recurrence during follow-up, whereas 1 experienced recurrence at 3 months after treatment. These results revealed that FNA could serve as a palliative treatment for patients unable to undergo an open surgical procedure.

The main limitation of this study was that the number of patients was not large enough. However, the rarity of mediastinal cysts makes it difficult to conduct a study of adequate size.

We suggest that the application of EUS-FNA appears safe when antibiotic prophylaxis is used, especially for cysts with viscous proteinaceous contents where fluid is difficult to be aspirated. Future multicenter studies with larger sample sizes will be helpful to confirm our results.

Acknowledgments

Funding: None.

Footnote

Reporting Checklist: The authors have completed the STROBE reporting checklist. Available at https://jtd.amegroups.com/article/view/10.21037/jtd-22-1105/rc

Data Sharing Statement: Available at https://jtd.amegroups.com/article/view/10.21037/jtd-22-1105/dss

Conflicts of Interest: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form (available at https://jtd.amegroups.com/article/view/10.21037/jtd-22-1105/coif). The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

Ethical Statement: The authors are accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (as revised in 2013). This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital (No. bc2022134). Informed consent was routinely acquired from all patients before EUS-FNA examination.

Open Access Statement: This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which permits the non-commercial replication and distribution of the article with the strict proviso that no changes or edits are made and the original work is properly cited (including links to both the formal publication through the relevant DOI and the license). See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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(English Language Editor: J. Jones)

Cite this article as: Cao F, Zhang S, Dai Z, Fu Q, Guo F, He Q, Zhou D, Zhang H, Wang X. Diagnosis of mediastinal cysts: the role and safety of EUS–FNA with 19-gauge needle: a retrospective cohort study. J Thorac Dis 2022;14(9):3544-3551. doi: 10.21037/jtd-22-1105

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