Electrical storm: mechanistic and therapeutic considerations to avoid death in the survivors

Electrical storm (ES), defined as 3 or more ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation (VT/VF) episodes within a 24-h period, is a major clinical problem with substantial morbidity and mortality in implantable cardioverterdefibrillator (ICD) patients with heart failure (HF) and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction.